Speaking, Writing, and Literacy & Theories

In the article “Old Media, New Media, and Knowledge” by J.D. Applen, he analyzes the evolving relationship between oral and written forms of communication and their impact on literacy in society. As times change, so do the ways in which we engage with language and information. Applen suggests that as communication shifts towards more interactive formats, the way we define literacy must also expand to support these changes. He also introduces us to Walter Ong’s theories regarding orality and literacy. In this chapter, “orality” is used to characterize speech and “literacy” is used for written language. 

Oral Traditions

He talks about oral cultures, meaning the main way to communicate was through spoken language. This language is considered temporary. On page 5 he says “The written word lives on forever, which is ironic given this characterization, whereas words that were spoken in lively but evanescent debate, and never written down, are dead (Ong 80).” Which is also why repetition of words was crucial for this because without the constant reminder, the knowledge or memory would be lost. Spoken language is how people would pass down information to future generations, knowledge told through different stories at gatherings. 

Transition In Communication

The invention of writing transformed everything. It enabled people to permanently document their personal thoughts and experiences in written form. According to Ong, “the written word also allows us to produce more abstractly sequential, classifictory, explanatory examination of phenomena or of stated truths” (pg. 5). This development fostered the idea of abstract thinking while still preserving existing information. Writing empowers individuals to reflect, improve, and expand their ideas over time. This includes participating in things such as peer review. Having someone to go over your work and highlight some things you may have missed is a privilege that should be taken advantage of. 

Adapting To Change

Overall, Applen’s analysis sheds light on the importance of embracing new and different forms of communication while still remaining stable in literacy skills. Finding this balance is necessary as we navigate through different information and theories.