Many scholars have examined and created specific criteria for the word “text” in order to assist in defining the term. Robert de Beaugrande and Wolfganng Dressler generated seven criteria for the term. The criteria is as follows: cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability, informativity, situationality, and intertextuality. Building upon Beaugrande and Dressler’s criteria, Doug Eyman explains the basis needed to define text. Eyman argues that text must have rhetorical features, originate in and propel social action, and are designed material objects. While parameters for the term have been constructed, and are undoubtedly important and helpful, it seems as though the term itself has yet to be defined.
What is Text?
Text, in simplistic terms, is any informative object or thing that can be read and understood. This is a very broad definition and can vary widely in its use. For instance, a novel fits into this definition, and so do some street signs. There are endless amounts of examples for representing what a text is. This is why scholars create a framework for the term. Take a look at Eyman’s criteria again. Although seemingly complex and difficult to achieve, it is actually much simpler than it looks.
Text in Action
In order to demonstrate this, I will use the example previously mentioned of a street sign. The first requirement, according to Eyman, is that a text must have rhetorical features. When an individual sees a sign while driving that says “SLOW CHILDREN AT PLAY,” the driver is likely to slow down. This is due to the sign ethos, logos, and pathos to convince the driver to reduce their speed. The second criteria that Eyman discusses is that a text has to originate in and propel social action. The same street sign mentioned before is likely to result in the reduction of vehicle speeds in a neighborhood. Therefore, the sign is propelling social action. Finally, each street sign is designed in a particular way for a driver to be able to see, understand, and react quickly. This represents the designed material object aspect of Eyman’s definition.
Expectations and Exceptions
Creating a framework for the term “text” is crucial in helping to define it. However, it is also important to remember that there may be exceptions to the specific criteria, and that not every scholar may agree upon a certain framework. Gaining an understanding of the basics of text is a starting point. Knowing that the meaning can change depending on the situation comes with time.
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